Proper Use of Police Discretion Essay -- Understanding discretion in p

Legitimate utilization of carefulness is presumably the most significant proportion of a cop or office. - Rich Kinsey (resigned police criminologist) Cops are confronted every day with a huge swath of circumstances with which they should bargain. No two circumstances they experience are ever the equivalent, in any event, when analyzes an enormous number of circumstances over an all-inclusive timeframe. The officials are typically in the situation of settling on choices on the most proficient method to deal with a particular issue alone, or with minimal extra exhortation and without quick oversight. This is the core of police carefulness. As we will discover, the activity of prudence by police has advantages and issues related with such exercise. The free utilization of watchfulness can prompt the forswearing of resident rights. Systems that control the utilization of caution are, consequently, significant. The advantages and issues of police watchfulness and controlling systems are the focal point of this exposition. In law requirement, watchfulness is surrendered over to each cop to settle on mindful and sensible choices on circumstances while in the field. A cop will have no real option except to utilize tact in specific circumstances and settle on choices on what sort of power or discipline is essential for the circumstances. Numerous individuals in the general public consistently accept that cops can settle on any choice they wish to whenever while working. This is off-base in light of the fact that there are circumstances whereby a cop or even the head of police has no other decision, however to observe the law in deciding. The job of the police manager is twofold testing since, he/she should decide how best to utilize prudence just as support or deter caution by subordinate individuals ... ...since when caution is practiced properly, it makes the law just. Works Cited Bonaparte, N. (2012). Zimmerman/Martin Investigation. CTSGV Sanford Florida Government. Web. 26 April 2015. http://www.sanfordfl.gov/examination/docs/Zimmerman_Martin_shooting.pdf Alliance to Stop Gun Violence. (2011). Shoot First Law. CTSGV Web. 26 April 2015. http://www.csgv.org/issues-and-crusades/firearms majority rule government and-opportunity/shoot-first-laws Gleason, T. (2006, November). Morals Training for Police. The Police Chief Voice, 73, 11. Reaves, J. (2002). Individual of the Week: Charles A. Moose. Time. Web. 26 April 2015. http://www.time.com/time/country/article/0,8599,363860,00.html Rich Kinsey is a resigned Ann Arbor police criminologist sergeant AnnArbor.com Web. 26 April 2015. http://www.annarbor.com/news/watchfulness is-the-proportion of-a-cop/

Library System Essay

Library is where individuals concentrate in perusing and making research which can help everybody picks up information. It is composed and kept up for the utilization of open body, establishment, partnership, or private person. The school library gives chances to the people with the attention on the scholarly substance and data education to the student. It contains books and other reference materials made accessible to the clients for perusing, contemplating and getting references. The books and reference materials are orchestrated on racks as per the grouping framework utilized for the accommodation of the clients. Putting comparative materials in a single area enables the clients to discover various things on a given subject more productively than those a few things dispersed inside the library. The age of PC age can be exceptionally valuable in crossing over the interest for library administrations and capacity to offer these types of assistance. Choosing the best program for setting up a robotized dissemination framework is an assignment that defies bookkeeper today. There are significant library issues experienced the world over. Beside Philippines, India and different nations libraries experience the ill effects of absence of legitimate library offices and confronting the issue of poor administrations, and in particular sloppy flow framework and procedure of recovering information isn't proficient. Neighborhood libraries additionally confronted a few issues these are absence of budgetary assets and significant expense of PC extras has diminished the patterns in the reception of computerized library framework in school libraries while such has restricted access to an assortment of data on put away information. The proposal authors saw that the way toward inquisitive books and recovering the acquired and returned book were done physically in Santa Monica Institute. In this, the borrower invested more energy in each procedure of circling books in Santa Monica Institute. In this manner, the proposition authors were intrigued to structure and to build up the Automated Library Circulation System of Santa Monica Institute †Mabini library to improve its activity so as to offer viable types of assistance. Writing Background The development of innovation has without a doubt expanded the assortment of assets accessible in libraries today. It is particularly energizing expanded client requests and desires for data assets and their opportune conveyance. The effect of the changing innovation helps in planning library mechanization. A. G. Nkhoma-Wamunza expressed that â€Å"library computerization is a procedure which includes connecting PCs electronically inside and outside the foundation, entering library assets in a database to make an Open Access Catalog, which permits clients to get to and recover data in a convenient way. † It increased wide acknowledgment all around because of its numerous advantages possibilities including improved execution effectiveness and conveyance of value administration in library. Library Circulation is one of those areas of the library that needs computerization. It involves the exercises around the loaning ofâ libraryâ books and different materials to clients of aâ lending library. It gives loaning administrations and offices to return of lent things. Reestablishment of materials and installment of fines are additionally taken care of at the dissemination work area. Dissemination staff may give fundamental inquiry and reference administrations, however more top to bottom inquiries are normally alluded to reference administrators. Librarianâ is an individual who works expertly in aâ library, and is normally prepared in librarianship and specialists of discovering, arranging and deciphering data required. They are the gatekeepers of materials inside the library. The reference work area of the library is an open in administration counter where proficient custodians give guidance to the materials, exhortation on the assortments and administrations, and ability on the different sorts of data from numerous sources to the library clients. Library client is the borrower of the library materials which can be brought at home/homeroom. It tends to be an understudy, instructor, benefactor and considerably pariah who are incredibly profited on the proposed framework. School organization is a significant piece of our instruction framework. Chairmen face an assortment of issues regularly. Investigate systems and procedures used to battle those issues. The UP College of Science Library System situated at Diliman, Quezon city is one of the current library framework that utilizes online library framework. It has numerous capacities it permits to see data about the library and its administrations. The framework likewise gives data about new titles, library hours and has interface that will permit client to contact the library through email. UP College Science is like the proposed framework since it permits looking of books and other library materials. The library framework is actualized to give client quick and speedy access of data. Mechanized Library System alluded as a financially savvy and space sparing option in contrast to regular archive racking advancements, tending to the requirement for space effectiveness, secure and computerized report and records dealing with. ALS is a plan and programming arrangement concentrated on the unwavering quality and viability. The arrangement, created by group of experienced industry experts is upheld by thorough administrations remembering for site support, save parts, modernization, updates and developments. HK has been introducing framework using this innovation for as far back as forty years. ALS have been introduced at foundations all through North America. Computerized Library System for Navotas City Library (2010). They have two PCs in the library without mechanized library framework. The Automated System for Navotas City Library is to encourage the creator, loaning and returning of books in electronic, efficient and systematic habits. Moreover, it intends to adapt to the patterns of innovation today for the library and to the library and to have a framework that will pull in more clients. to the library, thusly, thankfulness on the library can contribute it to the data required by the understudies, laborers, and analysts particularly to the individuals of Navotas City. Bodiongan (2000). The scientist found that the way toward recovering information and data are not effective. So the borrower requires significant investment in discovering data on the grounds that the materials are not appropriately come back to the correct game plan. The way toward recovering and tracking the borrowers is tedious because of low nature of the borrower’s card. The library has a colossal assortment of books so the borrower requires significant investment in arranging data from the card index. The library right hand requires significant investment in looking the borrower’s records in light of the fact that there are a few occurrences that a portion of the borrower’s card are not appropriately returned. Curan (2011). In her investigation, the analyst saw that the way toward inquisitive books and recovering the obtained and returned book were done physically. In this, the borrower invested more energy in each procedure of circling books. The scientist reason that the framework has incredible assistance in limiting the time expend in obtaining and recovering information. The framework gives exact and secure keeping of information, and can create report right away. Code of morals of Library Association embraced at the 1939 Midwinter Meeting by the ALA Council; changed June 30, 1981; June 28, 1995; and January 22, 2008 states that â€Å"we secure every library user’s right to protection and privacy regarding data looked for or got and assets counseled, obtained, gained or transmitted. † Privacy is fundamental to the activity of free discourse, free idea, and free affiliation. Recognizable data about clients is classified and the library keeps that data hidden and secret for their sake. This strategy is planned to forestall the unapproved utilization of our patrons’ individual data, and to ensure the security of this data. Administrators are liable for keeping the information’s security required for the reference of the client and offer better support to the borrowers. Area 10 Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution orders that: Science and innovation are fundamental for national turn of events and progress. The state will offer need to innovative work, creation, development, and their use; and to science and innovation instruction, preparing and benefits. It will bolster indigenous, proper and confident logical and mechanical abilities, and their application to the country’s gainful framework and national life. Innovation assumes extraordinary job for the improvement of an establishment. The constant development of innovation prompts numerous creations for the improvement of the organization one of this is the Santa Monica Institute. Innovation help give framework that would give client better assistance in this organizations. Segment 12, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution commands expressed: The state will direct the exchange and advance the adjustment of innovation from all hotspots for the national advantage. It will energize the most extensive cooperation of private gatherings, neighborhood governments and network based associations in the age and use of science and innovation. Using innovation, it can assist the establishment with improving procedure with the utilization of the proposed framework that includes private gatherings to indentify the highlights that needs improvement to offer better support. Area 13, Republic Act 8293 orders expressed: The state will ensure and make sure about the selective privileges of researchers, designers, craftsmen, and other talented residents to their licensed innovation and manifestations, especially when advantageous to the individuals, for such period as might be given by law. This expresses the analysts ought to ensure the option to protect the examination and conveyability of information. In this investigation, the r

Quiet Time - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Quiet Time - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Quiet Time It is now quiet time in our office. The main desk will still be taking phone calls and answering emails and we will still be conducting Information Sessions. However, admissions counselors are no longer able to take phone calls or visit with students and families that visit our office. Counselors need to focus on freshman file reading in order to be able to get decisions out by late March. We are continuing to work with guidance counselors to help complete admissions files. For more information, please visit our Quiet Time Information Page. Go Dawgs! Quiet Time - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Quiet Time It is now quiet time in our office, a practice that we have done for about 6 years. The main desk will still be taking calls and answering emails, but the admissions counselors will be focused on freshman file reading, and thus will not be able to take calls or visit with students/families that visit our office. We will still be conducting information sessions and our counselors will be talking to guidance counselors, but in order to get decisions by late March, we need to focus on file reading. While our information clerks will still be taking calls and answering emails, the responses may be a little slower as we go along. For more information, please go to the Quiet Time Information page on our website. I have enjoyed reading the limited number of files I have been able to get to so far, and I look forward to learning more about all our applicants! I will also try to give people updates and share more about my file reading through my twitter page. Go Dawgs!

Neoliberal GlobalizationTransformation and Development

In the era of neoliberal globalization, states have more interconnectedness and interdependence with each other for the global economy to prosper. Meanwhile, Significant changes have occurred in the nature of international trade and commodity production for the past decades. These changes also lead to new geographic, social, and political divisions of labor worldwide. Moreover, social and political consequences of these transformations have begun to take effects on a global scale. In this essay I am going to explain such transformations and illustrate the ideas above. Neoliberalism, though considered by some people as equivalent to globalization, is more like a terminology of economics. Basically â€Å"neoliberal† refers to free market, which†¦show more content†¦Developments of world economy and specifically TNCs have also resulted in changes in geographical, social, and political divisions of labor. Because the commodity chains usually involve multiple countries, di vision of labor tends to go beyond borders. Hence there has been international geographical division of labor, rather than geographical division of labor within the state. Class division of labor transfers from the difference between poor and rich countries to the difference within countries (at the same time geographical division of labor goes across borders), because income inequality is becoming a more and more serious problem (ever-increasing Gini coefficient). It should also be noticed that females are becoming part of the labor force, and certain ethnic groups dominate particular industries (Ex. Filipino nannies). International organizations also start to play roles in the world labor system. Free market cares about efficiency and wants maximized profits. The increase in international trade and development of TNCs provide huge job opportunities, allow different countries to make full use of their comparative advantages, and make the entire global economy â€Å"better off†. However, this is not always the case. In her essay about Chinese migrant women workers, Pun Ngai says that these women workers get low wages, do not have their own living spaces, and are not guaranteed long-term employment. Similarly, in the New York Times article about China’sShow MoreRelatedAn Approach to the Regional Neoliberal Governance in Southern Africa from a Critical Perspective1177 Words   |  5 PagesAn approach to the regional neoliberal governance in Southern Africa from a critical perspective. In order to examine the possible implications of neoliberalism in contemporary Africa, an analysis based on a regional dimension is important. 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The Rise of The Three Paragraph Essay Samples

The Rise of The Three Paragraph Essay Samples Things You Should Know About the Three Paragraph Essay Samples There are several sorts of five paragraph essays, based on the most important goal and necessities of your tutor. If you don't, you are going to be penalized. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will be aware of what to research and that which you will deal with. Persuasive essay examples can easily be available online, and you may consult them anytime once you lack inspiration or have very little idea of where to begin with your own paper. Normally, a five-paragraph essay ought to be about three pages, but nevertheless, it may be somewhat more or less. There are a number of essay writing services that think they're the very best, and thus don't be cheated and check the authentic collection of the very best. In your case, you should find out beforehand what's an expository essay and other kind of papers. You may choose to wait on the conclus ion till you have actually written the paper. In case the paper demands original research, though, a visit to the library probably will be in order. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you want. The Fundamentals of the Three Paragraph Essay Samples Revealed You are able to expose strong arguments in the previous body paragraph. Typically, you need to have a minumum of one quote in every body paragraph. Before discussing the conclusion you should consider the way that your body paragraphs will need to get built. The next paragraph is going to be the body section. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. All teachers wish to see three or more credible sources in your paper. There are several sorts of essays. It's possible to write essays on a selection of topics, and you're able to start them in many unique ways. Short essays are important when one is attempting to present an important topic without needing to compose a great deal of wor ds or using a number of pages. In the procedure for reading, you will discover whether the ending of the five paragraph essayis in harmony with the introduction and the primary region of the work, whether there's anything important you could miss. The total function of the poem is to reflect how people weren't prepared to accept the things as it is and they were attempting to know the reason for their existence. There's nothing sacred in regards to the three-category reaction. The 30-Second Trick for the Three Paragraph Essay Samples If you browse for the forms of paragraphs' you will be surprised how many results you'll receive. You should likewise be able to summarize data, distinguishing the most crucial features. The plan of such text is always the exact same, and the primary distinctive feature is the variety of paragraphs included in the primary body. 1 indication of an effective and strong paragraph is it would always have a definite and very clear organization. Ever y paragraph must cover a single topic in making the circulation of the essay smooth. You might also be able to modify the duration of your introduction or conclusion. As there's an established structure for five paragraph essays one is to start with introduction. In the finish of your 3 paragraph essay, sum up all the ideas and suggestions to draw the last stroke. The introduction usually comprises minimum of 3 sentences in length. Another important thing about effective paragraphs is it would always keep the consistent stream of ideas all throughout its sentences. Last, the last paragraph is going to be the conclusion. An effective paragraph always starts with the topic sentence that supports the major idea of the whole paragraph. As part of your introduction, you have to inform the reader about the topic which you will be discussing. The thesis statement is usually only 1 sentence and is composed of the subject, focus, and three major points of the essay. For instance, i f you're writing an argumentative essay, you might desire to recognize a specific issue relating to that topic, and state which point of view you are going to be arguing for. The five-paragraph essay will help to compose a very clear response on this issue of a text. What to Expect From the Three Paragraph Essay Samples? The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. The 3 body paragraphs should describe the 3 parts of evidence or support what the writer is using to demonstrate the thesis. No matter the essay's major point, the author ought to be in a position to create the three supporting points and associated evidence mandated by the structure. So that the poem conveys the concept of the significance of nature to human being and why it's always best to synchronize with this. The Advantages of the Three Paragraph Essay Samples So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you may want to argue is a great start. The main portion of your essay should consist of 3 paragraphs. When you compose a quick essay, you have to remember that there aren't any elements to be sacrificed. You've got a guide and get ideas about what to do with your essay. A great essay should have essential points. Short essays are still spend the type of formal essay because the parts will need to get included in it. Everybody should learn to compose a five-paragraph essay. Get the Scoop on the Three Paragraph Essay Samples Before You're Too Late If you are searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. Read my essay writing service reviews and my guide to selecting the ideal service for everything you will need to understand about how to pick the best writing businesses. Always be sure you have a look at the review my essay section of any writing service website you're thinking of using. The increasing number of essay writing services is totally overwhelming. It is sensible to use various forms of paragraphs WHILE you're writing. The essay is just one of the conventional assignments utilised in the majority of exams like TOEFL, IELTS, and the SAT. Don't be concerned too much regarding the length as you are writing it. There are several stylistic devices used to generate the writing more convincing. The Honest to Goodness Truth on the Three Paragraph Essay Samples Also, the usage of classical language in addition to the Victorian touch can be observed in the poem. Remain true to the theme, and you'll get a coherent piece that will get you an excellent grade. Strictly speaking, there isn't any one correct method to begin an essay. No matter what kind of essay you're writing. While proofreading, if you notice your body paragraphs aren't related to your thesis statement, you have to change it. Because it's a brief essay and since you might have more than one principal point to set up and support your thesis statement, your second paragraph may indeed have more than one chief point. In the event you want to deal with the assignment all on your own, go on reading and learn to compose a 5 paragraph essay with no worries. Based on your assignment requirements you'll usually not have to present more than a couple of points to strengthen your thesis statement, so be certain you choose only your finest arguments.

The Lost Generation Free Essays

string(40) " future after he returned from the war\." Both Remarque’s â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† and Hemingway’s â€Å"The Sun Also Rises† relate to the theme of hopelessness during the lost generation. Remarque’s story is set during the war from a younger German soldier, Paul, through him the suffering and difficulties are presented as fruitless and with out a main goal to look forward to when they return home. Throughout the military travels of the younger soldiers like Paul, Remarque’s view on wars disadvantages on people are clearly stated through the eyes of Paul. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Generation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Towards the end of his life, he grows happy to die and is glad to pass away from all the pain emotionally and physically he and his comrades had to endure during the battle. Carrying on through the book is the sense of empty hopelessness that nothing will become good and there is nothing to look forward to after their arrival home. On the other side, Hemingway’s older veteran characters, Jake and Brett, play the role of two empty people who are looking for direction in life after the devastating war. Jake however becomes a redeemable character through his journey to overcome his psychological and physical damage from the war and gains sympathy. However Brett does not earn any more respect or accomplishes any growth in overcoming her war wounds. This takes its own path in the end when Jake moves on from Brett’s taunting attitudes and starts to gain his balance in life again. Hemingway’s hopelessness is conveyed more positively than Remarque’s critical outlook on war. Throughout both book the characters struggle with their emotional difficulties to stay attuned to their prewar lives and struggle with hope for the future. However Hemingway takes the path of a more positive ending while Remarque creates a happy doom for his brave, suffering characters. There are many parallels between the characters in each book enough though the themes and perspectives are entirely different. The main point serves the same purpose, whereas the lost generation was hopeless unless they rarely saw a glimpse of the future after recovery. The tone of the overall book has an almost empty and predictable attitude about it, the men have no hope for themselves, and they do not convey a sense of need to get home or to survive but merely to continue to take orders until the end. The hopelessness conveyed by the characters in â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† is the kind of hopelessness when you know you cannot personally change the outcome of your fate knowing the future results in death. Most of the reality of the brutal war is exposed through battles or bluntly stated by another distraught soldier. A sense of urgency is not present when knowing that at any moment a comrade could be returning with â€Å"screams of intolerable pain. [Knowing] every day that he can live will be howling [with] torture† (72). The lack of urgency communicates that death is a causal event during war and the witnesses are used to the terrible sight of mangled or dead bodies. Some even accept that they will one day become like those they see in pain and fear life over death. â€Å"Every face can be read† on the appearance of each soldier who knows they are subject to the â€Å"embrace† of â€Å"the front† (53). Faces can easily be read because the same fate awaits all the soldiers, death and no hope. The characters see no future and are trudging along in an empty cycle. The circle is completed with unfilled desires to keep living when the discovery of Paul with â€Å"his face [of calm expression] as though almost glad the end had come† establishes that he was happy to leave pain, suffering and damaged forthcoming opportunities to a peaceful afterlife (296). The lost generation shared a â€Å"common fate [which] ruined [them] for everything† upcoming in the future to better their lives such as a family or a job offer as mentioned by various characters but created disappointment at the realization their dreams would not come true. This contributed to the plummeting feelings the lost generation carried with them. Hemingway disguises his characters want for redemption and amount of hopelessness they feel. The book has a more up beat consistency than â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† and more is said in what the Jake is not saying than what he and Brett bluntly state. Brett cannot be with Jake because she would â€Å"tromper† or commit adultery since Jake cannot satisfy her needs sexually (62). Instead Jake secretively takes a prostitute out to dinner but ends up dumping her on his friends while he leaves with Brett. Jake did not sleep with the prostitute, Georgette, because he felt ashamed and helpless about his physical injury from the war. He does not feel man enough to sleep with a prostitute, he feels discouraged about his future plans and ability to gain happiness as part of the lost generation. To fill the void opened from war, Jake, Brett and their comrades drink to escape their persisting troubles and pains. Jake has a miserable life and to make it better he finds it easier to get drunk and not fix his problems. â€Å" ‘Don’t get drunk, Jake,’ she [Brett] said. ‘You don’t have to. ’†¦ ‘Don’t,’ she said. You’ll be alright. ’† Brett reassures Jake (245). The pain and emptiness ceases with alcohol and distracts from the wars wounds. Contrasting to Paul and the other lost generation soldiers in â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front†, Jake proves he is able to redeem himself and looks to the future. Ja ke uses religion as a parallel to his emotional stability. When starting out Jake was not religious and just went through the movements of going to church and â€Å"being a good Catholic†, however as he progresses he finds that he should care more about religion and has a want to be more involved. The parallel of him wanting to be more involved is when he breaks away from Brett and starts off new; and for the first time believes in his future after he returned from the war. You read "The Lost Generation" in category "Papers" Jake’s break through occurred when he â€Å"stoop up, gripped with [his] toes on the edge of the raft as it tipped with [his] weight, and dove cleanly and deeply, to come up through the lightening water, blew the salt water out of [his] head, and swam slowly and steadily to shore† (242). As Jake comes out of the water, he symbolizes a baptism and the rebirth of himself into a more understanding and less negative man. Along with becoming less frightened of the future Jake was able to let go of Brett and her ability to draw men in. He finally cleansed himself of her and his past troubles and looks to days ahead. Rarely does Jake interact with a genuine character, more often does he associates with deceptive, greedy, manipulative or mean people of the lost generation. The main character that is sympathetic is Jake, he battles the most with his physical injury and because of that, Brett puts him through emotional misery. Even as Brett â€Å"kissed [Jake he] could tell she was thinking of something else† and finally understood that she just used him for her own personal benefit (245). After his â€Å"baptism† Jake was close to moving on from Brett and almost did until she pulled him back in again. The fact that Brett is thinking about someone else is the last straw for Jake and he is done with her. From this kiss on, Jake is cold and a little immature towards Brett. This signifies his final connection with her emotionally and he takes steps to begin a new life. Brett consciously talks bout her other men with Jake while she knows how he feels about her. She almost flaunts them in front of Jake by complimenting them saying â€Å"he’s my sort of thing† (247). Brett is attracted to the bad boys who show her attention but aren’t controlling. She disregards Jake as a candidate for her commitment and love since he cannot satisfy her sexually; she only uses him emotionally t hen ditches him when a better offer comes along. She is aware she cannot be with him and it hurts him to see her go off with men, however she does nothing to change this. She even goes as far as to bring the men over to Jake’s place to have a drink. Because of her blatant disrespect for anyone but herself she is not a redeemable character and no sympathy is given to her. Jake is the only character that deserves sympathy while Brett does not even deserve respect from Jake. Similar to sympathy, Jake becomes a redeemable character towards the end of his journey with Brett after the war. He clearly stands opposed to Brett who is neither sympathetic nor redeemable. During Jake’s baptism and revelation, he proves to want to redeem himself, if not to others at least to himself. He is aware that he is not the most religious man but tries to convince himself otherwise to morally feel better. Jake is Catholic and by the end of the book becomes more religious and understands the meaning of religion rather than just going through the motions at church. He values the importance of God when Brett states she does not really care for him or religion since it’s a waste of her time. Jake at least holds on to that the whole book and increases his religious activities and symbolism towards the end. Not only does Jake morally and mentally redeem himself but he also redeems his time wasted on Brett. One of their last interactions Jake unmistakably communicates his annoyance and irritation with Brett, â€Å" ‘You like to eat, don’t you? ’ she said. ‘Yes,’ I said. ‘I like to do a lot of things. ’ â€Å" (250). Jake becomes fed up with Brett’s constant lack of acknowledgement that he is always there for her and not some one to use when her love life is not thriving. He grows tired of constant games and realizes there is nothing left for them together. After more small talk is exchanged between the two, Jake is ready to let her go for good and finally gains enough confidence that everything will be okay with out Brett. Brett tries to make herself sound more appealing to Jake by explaining, â€Å"it makes one feel rather good deciding not to be a bitch† (249). Other than making the decision to not be a bitch, Brett makes no other attempt to redeem herself or acknowledge that she played with Jake’s feelings and ruined part of his life for holding on to him for such a long time. She cannot get over her self absorption to realize she messes with men for her own benefit whether it be money or sex, and doesn’t care who she hurts along the way, mainly Jake. There is no evidence that she is a redeemable, sympathetic or a caring character. Although she has issues because she, too, is considered the lost generation, that does not give her the right to act above everyone else and hurt Jake. Jake also traumatized by the war does not use women to make Brett jealous or ever hurts her. He is always there when he is needed to support her dramatic lifestyle. Brett has no compassion for anyone but herself therefore making her unredeemable and Jake redeemable. Although each stories have their differences in almost all aspects there is one overall main point: the lost generation was hopeless and it was a difficult time for those people. Each book expresses the same bigger picture but is differently executed. Jake’s tone which represents the overall feel of the book communicates the idea of a ghostly and missing man looking for a happier path in life to escape his sadness and pain. He rarely finds little pleasures and mostly describes scenes as dark or dark imagery, only a few times is light mentioned when redemption or renewal of a character is occurring. Paul’s description of the war gives off a more pessimistic tone as he always comes back to the idea that the lost generation has nothing to return to at home. However he finds simple pleasures more enjoyable and tries to make the most of them. Both characters portray a sense of despair and loss of direction in life but differently executed. Hemingway chooses to exhibit his characters as striving to change their lives while Remarque’s turns negatively towards death and meaninglessness. Hemingway does not refer to the war but instead barely mentions it or Jake will see military like actions between people symbolizing the war and the lost generation. The fact that Hemingway does not mention the war, yet the book is about war, further proves that in Hemingway’s writing, what is not being said is more important. The tone is important to both novels to relay the same message but entirely different outcomes and themes. The lost generation was a sad hopeless group of veterans who, if not killed, had to aimlessly go through life feeling like there was no purpose or they didn’t belong. Hemingway and Remarque’s classic novels illustrate the hard times during and after the war and the many similarities that are present. How to cite The Lost Generation, Papers

Opium Wars Essays - ChinaUnited Kingdom Relations, Opium

Opium Wars The Opium Wars, sometimes called the Anglo-Chinese Wars, were motivated by the European countries desire to make a profit through exploitation of their power over the technologically weaker Qing China. This self-interest is seen in the introduction and promotion of recreational opium to the Chinese by the British, and the Chinese governments opposition to such widespread abuse of its citizens. It is also seen in the compromises made between both China and Europe which forced Chinese to open up to more trade, as well as the crushing terms of surrender that the Qing government was forced to meet. Lastly, the fact that so many different nations invested themselves and their resources to a war which they were fairly detachted from as well as the rewards they gleaned from these expeditions. The first and foremost piece of evidence that exemplifies how the true motivation of the opium wars was self interest on the behalf of the Europeans is the causes leading up to the war. Specifically, the promotion of recreational opium in China by the Europeans. Long before the Europeans came in contact with China, Chinese doctors were using opium for medicinal purposes, it was the British that began mixing opium and tobacco and promoting in China for recreational use. The first opium act banning the use of tobacco and opium mixed smoking was passed in 1729, when there were about 200 chests of opium being imported to China yearly. This particular edict was not very heavily enforced at ports or on citizens, because at the time, the opium usage was not viewed by the ruling ing as a severe enough issue. By about 1799, there was a newer, more strict edict banning it, because by this time, the annual import had risen to 4,500 chests per year. This number leaped exponentially further in the 1830s to about 40,000 chests per year. At this time, about 2 million Chinese citizens were severely addicted to opium. and purchased it habitually. All of these people suffered the detrimental effects of opium, including but not limited to sluggishness, nausea, breathing and heart complications, as well as uncontrolable seizures . The people suffering from these things became nothing but a burden upon society costing money to maintain, ultimately hurting the Chinese economy, and feeding into the British. Another reason that makes the greed motivating these Opium wars apparent are the consequences enforced upon the losing side, China. One of the requirements of the Nanking Treaty was that China had to open up five ports exclusively to the British, that British citizens given the proper powers were allowed to directly give orders to Chinese officials. This put British traders in such a position of power that they trumped local officials and gained a lot of influence over trade. In addition to this local transfer of power, the Qing government had to pay out 21 million dollars worth of reparations to British merchants and the government for lost opium and resources. The Qing were also forced to release British prisoners, grant amnesty to citizens who aided the British, and they had to withdraw troops from Nanking which were to be replaced by British ones who would see that the treaty terms were met. This directly stopped the Qing from punishing disloyal citizens and prisoners, making t hem appear weak, and by forcing the Chinese to withdraw troops from their own land is furthering humiliation and defeat in the eyes of Chinese citizens. Finally, and most importantly the Qing government was forced to hand over their administrative city, Hong Kong, to British a a crown colony. This provided the British traders with a place to load their goods for sale to the Chinese people. This was to weaken the governing power of the Qing and re-establish British superiority over the Chinese. The final piece of evidence involved in proving the Opium Wars were motivated by greed is the profits other countries gleaned and their involvement on the behalf of the British. The first country to begin interfering in Chinese trade and domestic affairs . It started the First Opium War when British began forcing their opium into China and smuggling it into ports, as well as attempting to make

Free Essays on Heat of Darkness

In the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad one of the major themes is the perversity of the Congo. What is good and evil in the European world becomes distorted and hazy in the heart of Africa. To the outside world white is good and black is evil; it is as simple as that. This philosophy is embodied in Marlow’s aunt, who believes that his job is to bring light into the land of darkness and to enlighten the savages. This idea, however, becomes corrupted when white objects symbolize suffering and greed instead of good, and light images hide the presence of darkness. Symbols such as, a white rag, white imperialists and ivory, no longer represent the good will of the imperialists, on the other hand they represent the exploitation and chaos that the Europeans have brought to the Congo. The main character Marlow is faced with this confusion as he voyages through the jungle, and he must reevaluate his former opinions, which no longer hold true. The European philosophy is shown t hrough the conversation that Marlow has with his aunt before commencing his adventure. According to her, his job seems clear: to bring civilization and light to the â€Å"heart of darkness.† Instead of focusing on the horrors of imperialism she is disillusioned to believe that it is all for the better. The Europeans, especially the British have no respect for other cultures or other ways of life, and they truly believe that they are helping the Africans. Not by choice but because of the â€Å"white man’s burden† they feel the need to â€Å"[wean] those ignorant millions from their horrid ways†(28). To the outside this seems like an earnest motive; however, once inside Marlow begins to see new forms of corruption. Are the imperialists their to help, or are they there to make money to fulfill their greed? He begins to realize that it is not the black savages who represent evil, but rather the selfish whites. This corruption is further shown through the nove l with sy... Free Essays on Heat of Darkness Free Essays on Heat of Darkness In the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad one of the major themes is the perversity of the Congo. What is good and evil in the European world becomes distorted and hazy in the heart of Africa. To the outside world white is good and black is evil; it is as simple as that. This philosophy is embodied in Marlow’s aunt, who believes that his job is to bring light into the land of darkness and to enlighten the savages. This idea, however, becomes corrupted when white objects symbolize suffering and greed instead of good, and light images hide the presence of darkness. Symbols such as, a white rag, white imperialists and ivory, no longer represent the good will of the imperialists, on the other hand they represent the exploitation and chaos that the Europeans have brought to the Congo. The main character Marlow is faced with this confusion as he voyages through the jungle, and he must reevaluate his former opinions, which no longer hold true. The European philosophy is shown t hrough the conversation that Marlow has with his aunt before commencing his adventure. According to her, his job seems clear: to bring civilization and light to the â€Å"heart of darkness.† Instead of focusing on the horrors of imperialism she is disillusioned to believe that it is all for the better. The Europeans, especially the British have no respect for other cultures or other ways of life, and they truly believe that they are helping the Africans. Not by choice but because of the â€Å"white man’s burden† they feel the need to â€Å"[wean] those ignorant millions from their horrid ways†(28). To the outside this seems like an earnest motive; however, once inside Marlow begins to see new forms of corruption. Are the imperialists their to help, or are they there to make money to fulfill their greed? He begins to realize that it is not the black savages who represent evil, but rather the selfish whites. This corruption is further shown through the nove l with sy...

9 Technical Writing Tips Every Writer Needs to Know

9 Technical Writing Tips Every Writer Needs to Know Technical writing takes high-level details and explains them clearly and concisely to an audience. While the result of technical writing is clear, succinct and simple, the process can be the opposite. The technical writer’s challenge is to transform complicated information into an accessible document. To meet this challenge, technical writers use different strategies. This article will provide you with a selection these distinct, action-oriented strategies to improve your technical writing. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(41482, '2355e67d-04bb-46d6-b8a7-b271b3acdfe9', {}); 1) Create a Persona The crux of good technical writing is writing for your audience. The audience needs to be defined in the document planning process and then considered at each step of the writing process. Technical writers know that a tech-savvy boss needs different information about a product than a 73-year-old grandmother. After identifying your audience, refine it further by creating a persona. Imagine the exact person who will be reading your document. The persona will be obvious if you are writing for a known person, such as your department supervisor. For other documents, the persona can be fictional. Assign your reader a specific age, gender, educational background, career, a story for why they are reading the document, even a hobby. Instead of writing for a theoretical audience, write for a specific, albeit fictional, person. The more accurately you can imagine your reader, the more accessible your writing will be for them. Instead of wondering if the wording is right for the audience, write and review the wording with this persona in mind. It will be obvious whether or not the text is right for your reader. 2) Beware of Scope Creep Good technical writers keep in mind the document’s goal at each writing stage. The goal and scope should be clearly outlined in the initial document planning. During the planning and even the writing process, document content can grow. Technical details are not isolated. They are built on previous developments, and you may want to include supplemental information or additional user instructions. Colleagues may suggest valuable background information or data. Some extra details are useful. Too many details will cause the scope to creep. As technical writing strives to be succinct, scope creep creates unnecessary work that ultimately produces a less valuable document for the reader. If you feel the scope needs to broaden, return to the goal. Evaluate if that content is really necessary. Cut it or if necessary, consider separation through appendices and even an additional document. 3) Writing Should Be Easy If you’re thinking ‘writing is always difficult for me,’ writing is probably not your real problem. Writing should be easy because the planning process was thorough. The planning process should take up to 50% of overall document preparation time. All key materials, relevant details, and the audience will be captured and organized. The result is your complete document in a condensed format. Writing simply fleshes out this compact version. If you’re unclear of how to phrase an idea while writing, reflect on your audience and how they would want to read it. If you’re not sure if a data set should be included, refer to your mind map to see if it fits within it. Any writing question can be answered by a complete planning process. If the writing is difficult, stop typing and return to your plan. There is at least one aspect of the planning process that needs more development. Once you have a thorough plan, only then should you start to write. And it will be easy. You may be interested in our other article: 87 Business Writing Tips 4) Be Timeless A technical document is your contribution to posterity. That’s right, you are passing on technical knowledge for readers now and in the future. Most technical writers focus on today’s audience. While very important, these documents often serve future readers, too. A site assessment may not be read again for 30 years until the property comes up for sale. Software instructions act as the basis for the future manual of an updated version. To write timelessly, always include dates and timelines where relevant. Avoid including time-dependent or temporary information. If you must, explain its current context for future readers. For example, a health and safety report references current legislation. The act is carefully identified so that it can be differentiated from future revised codes. Your document should be clear and comprehensible now and 20 years from now. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(41482, '2355e67d-04bb-46d6-b8a7-b271b3acdfe9', {}); 5) Use Attributions Good attributions are efficient. They allow the reader to reference relevant details without including the information directly. The readers who need that additional information can easily find it, while others can continue on in the document without being buried in background information. See references as a tool for maintaining a concise and valuable document for your audience. 6) Use Global English English is an international language. Writing technical documents in English allows them to be broadly read and shared. However, many readers will be non-native speakers. In order to accommodate all readers, use Global English. This style of English is logical and literal which makes it more easily understood. It has a strong overlap with the technical writing principles of precision and clarity. In addition, writing globally means being aware of content that can difficult to understand or simply misunderstood. For example, avoiding idioms and the subjunctive, as well as being careful with words that can be both a noun and verb (e.g. display or guide).edX supports learners across the world and follows a very useful guide to Global English. 7) Forget the Word Count Some writers race to a word count, seeing it as the goal marker. In technical writing, word count is a poor judge of completion. Technical writing should be concise. The same instructions can be conveyed in 500 words or 5000 words. The better instructions are the ones that are most effective for the reader, regardless of the word count. Use word count as a general guide, not a rule. Never force words onto a page meet a word count. If you can write the same idea in fewer words, it’s better for the reader. 8) Be Humble Writing is an iterative process. Through good planning, thoughtful writing, and constructive feedback, you will grow and improve your technical writing skills. Each review offers its own lessons. Be welcoming of feedback from supervisors, peers, and experts. Learn from mistakes, confusions, and comments. Each review session offers an opportunity to grow as a writer. Be humble and accept these educational opportunities. 9) Use Graphics to Illustrate Graphics can help illustrate your message. In technical writing, the goal of graphics is to help convey information not act as decoration. In our online technical writing course, we teach that graphics should be focused on the reader. Poorly designed graphics can confuse readers and do more harm than good. To learn more about adding graphics to your documents see our article on the topic. Conclusion Technical writing is centered on good planning and audience focus. The above tips provide different perspectives and practical methods to accomplish these goals.

Public relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Public relations - Essay Example le during crisis management and help in building goodwill about the company to the target market and community through special programs and philanthropic work. In this paper we will specifically talk about the role of crisis management by the public relations specialist. Crisis management is a new field in public relations management. The activities for crisis management should be proactive so that potential forecasts can be recognised and corrective measures can be taken. The basic pattern that is followed is to identify the crisis situation, minimize the effect and recover from the crisis. James E. Lukaszewski, has given seven dimensions to of crisis communication management. These are: Operations; Victims; Trust/credibility; Behaviour; Professional expectations; Ethics; and Lessons learned. The operations dimension includes responses such as: candour, explanation, declaration, contrition, consultation, commitment and restitution. The victim management dimension has cycles and all victims move through these cycles as they resolve the situation. These cycles are: recognition of impact, seeking retribution, and severely distorted recollection. The third dimension is based on trust and credibility. Some behaviour such as explaining problems and the willingness to talk openly, with respecting the victims all illustrate the credibility of the organisation. The behaviour dimension shows us the negative behaviour demonstrated by the companies work against them in crisis situations. These negative behaviours include: inconsistency, little preparation, arrogance, minimizing the needs of the victims and not responding to them. The professional expectation dimension includes the standards involved in the industry. For the food industry there would be standards such as Public Relations Society of Americas (PRSA) Code of Professional Standards and the International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators. In the ethical

Safety management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Safety management - Assignment Example Directing is a function of management that involves leadership. The people chosen to perform particular tasks need supervision and direction on how to perform their duties. The management of an organization does this supervision and leadership through directing. It involves more than merely giving directions to one’s juniors on what to do. The directing duty also involves motivating one’s team members to perform optimum towards achieving the set goals and objectives. Staffing, on the other hand involves assessing and evaluating of suitable individuals to take over positions in an organization, and placing them in the positions they most qualify to serve. The management determines the requirements of the job, makes advertisements on the available vacancies and takes the responsibility to hire the best candidate. This is usually after interviews. Thereafter, the management does orientation of the new staff member, trains him and places him. It also involves checking the progress of the new employee as far as performance of his duties is concerned. Controlling involves determining whether or not the resources available for operations of a company are used effectively. It has a close link with planning since it entails checking if the allocated resources have been utilized properly. Tools such as auditing could be employed to control the use of resources in an organization. 2) Safety incentive programs are essential in ensuring organizations are lured into practicing safe methods of production. This is essentially important in the manufacturing industry that produces a lot of wastes in form of gases and solid debris. Incentives that promote the use of methods that reduce production of poisonous gases are necessary to reduce illnesses and environmental degradation. Although the overall burden is borne by the tax payers who have to pay more to cover for the incentives, the

Issues Related To Household Expenditures And Consumption Economics Essay

Issues Related To Household Expenditures And Consumption Economics Essay Introduction With economic and social progression of the nation the minimal basket of basic human needs which a society would expect for its citizen may be expected to keep expanding. These changes in the basic needs of the society may be affordable by the level of income. The level of income of the households ensures the minimum standard of living in the society. Household income and consumption expenditure are two direct monetary measures used in assessing the economic well-being of a population. However, consumption expenditure is pre ­ferred to income as it reflects long-term economic status of the household, particularly in low income countries (Friedman 1957). It is important to note however that expenditures are not similar with income, which may even be a better indicator of well-being, for various reasons. Among them is the possibility of consumption without expenditures at least within the same period. According to Atkinson, (1998), Expenditures are thus supposed to better reflect long-term or permanent income and are from this point of view considered to be a better measure of economic well-being and respective inequalities. Besides, in developing countries, income estimates are under-reported, drawn from multiple sources and vary across seasons. Though the consumption expenditure data are collected in many developing countries including India, the process is time-consuming, expensive and needs adjustment for household size, composition and for price level. Owing to these difficulties, the economic proxies (consumer durables, housing quality and household amenities) are collected to measure the economic sta ­tus of the households in both small-and large-scale population-based surveys. In the context of the growth performance during these two decades, economists and policymakers have become interested in the trends in regional inequality during this period. Rising regional inequality can create economic, social and political problems for any country. For the Indian economy, it has serious ramification for the continuation of the reform process. Hence, it is of utmost importance to understand the regional disparity in terms of consumption expenditure on consumer durables, housing quality and household amenities of the economy. Household expenditures as they result from budget limitations at the one hand and choices based on needs, demand, preferences etc. on the other may be regarded as manifestations of economic and social inequalities as well as cultural differences and social distinctions. Studying the patterns, disparities and determinants of household expenditures and their changes across time by making use of large scale population surveys thus seem to be promising in various respects. At a most general level it may provide insights into general consumption behaviour as a major source of human well-being and respective choices and restrictions. Investigating household expenditures and consumption patterns is considered to be key for the monitoring and explanation of inequalities and changes in material living standards and general welfare. Studying expenditures and consumption behaviour of households also seems to be an important and promising strategy to extend and supplement mainstream approaches of studying inequality as a key topic of sociological and economic research. As one would expect, research on household expenditures and consumption is much more common and popular among economists and looks back to a long tradition in economics (Stigler, 1954). This issue was also addressed by Houthakker (1957) as early as in the 1950s. The issues related to household expenditures and consumption have been disregarded in sociology and particularly empirical sociological research to a large degree, although family and household budget data frequently used for empirical study in the early days. Some observers and commentators of developments in sociological research thus conclude that consumption has been strongly neglected in sociological research (Rosenkranz and Schneider, 2000). Thus it is an area which needs greater attention to be paid. Although there is a long history of research on patterns of household expenditures and their changes across time, which goes back to the 19th century and the famous work by Ernst Engel and others, these questions have attracted surprisingly little attention in recent years. Blacklow and Ray, (2000) in their paper compare, using Australian unit record data, income and expenditure inequalities over the period 1975-76 to 1993-94. The study finds inconsistencies between the two inequality movements over much of this period. They, also, observe differences in the nature of income and consumption disparities. Bà ¶genhold and Fachinger, (2000) used repeated cross sectional data (RCS) in their empirical analysis which is based on the West German Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988 and 1993. The results revealed that the relationship between income and expenditure is given but it is weak. All in all, the social organisation of consumption is a research object in itself to obtain information about the living standard of individuals and households. Zaidi and Klass (2001) in their study on poverty and inequality in developed countries focus on income. This paper presents trends in consumption-based poverty and inequality in nine member countries of the European Union. During the 1980s, both poverty and inequality increased in Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Germany and Belgium, while decreases in both poverty and inequality are observed for Spain and Portugal. In Greece only inequality increased. Dhawan-Biswal, (2002) measure inequality in Canada with a comprehensive look at inequality trends in Atlantic Canada during the period 1969 to 19966. They use consumption expenditure as a measure of family well being and compare it with the income based measure of well being. Overall consumption inequality has continuously been lower in Atlantic Canada in comparison to the rest of Canada. Meyer and Sullivan, (2003) found in their study that it is fairly compelling that most households can more easily report income. They suggested that use consumption to supplement income in analyses of poverty whenever possible. Kalwij and Salverda, (2004) examine in detail the changes in household expenditures patterns, and in particular services related expenditures, in the Netherlands over the years 1979, 1989 and 1998. Using Engel curve estimations, these changes are related to changes in household demographics, employment, the budget and relative prices. They find that the dominating changes in demand are decreasing shares of expenditures on food and clothing and an increasing share of expenditures on housing. Decrease in food expenditures is for a large part explained by changes in household characteristics and the budget and about a third is a price effect. The increase in housing expenditures share is predominantly a price effect. Blow, Leicester and Oldfield (2004) examined how and why has the way in which the average British family spends its money changed over the past 25 years by using data from the UK FES between 1975 and 1999. It looks not only at broad changes in total spending, but also at how the division of expenditure between basics and non-basics and between durable goods, non-durable goods and services has altered over time. Johnson, Smeeding and Torrey (2005) used the period 1981 and 2001, to measure economic inequality among groups in the general population in the United States. Two measures of income and consumption are used to gauge relative well-being. Households with children are at a disadvantage, relative to the general population through both prisms. And households with children are the only group whose distribution of consumption was relatively more unequal than their distribution of disposable income throughout the 1981-2001 period studied. Comparison with the general population is a zero-sum game where households with children are relatively less well off, regardless of whether disposable income or consumption is used as the resource measure. Brewer, Goodman, and Leicester, (2006) in their study on Household spending in Britain by using 30 years of data from household surveys conclude that although there has been much recent emphasis on the advantages of measures of household expenditures in assessing household welfare in more academic circles, this has yet to work its way into the mainstream poverty measurement debate. This study shows the trends in poverty in Britain since the 1970s when household expenditure is used as a measure of financial well-being, rather than household income and investigates how using spending, rather than income, as a measure of well-being alters our view of who is poor. It examines the spending levels of the lowest-income households and analyses whether low-income pensioners spending on basic and non-basic items increased as a result of the large increases in entitlements to means-tested benefits since 1999. Zhang, Xie and Zhou, (2009) studied the disparity of consumption expenditure among rural areas in China by principle and method of cluster analysis. Results showed that income and consumption expenditure of 31 districts, cities and provinces could be divided into 5 classes of income and consumption. Shanghai City was the only city rated as the first-class areas with highest income and consumption. Bhattacharya and Mahalanobis (1967) had decomposed the Gini-coefficient and the standard deviation of logarithms for the year 1957-58 based on the household consumer expenditure survey data of India and found that one-quarter of the total inequality was being explained by between-state inequality and the remaining three-quarters was explained by the within-state inequality. Paul, (1988) studied the importance of household composition in the analysis of inequality measurement based on the National Sample Survey data (25th round). The results for rural Punjab reveal that the ranking of households by per equivalent adult consumption expenditure (PEAE) differs significantly from the ranking by per capita consumption expenditure (PCE). Many households classified as poor according to the criterion of PCE are not so classified by the criterion of PEAE. The exercise also reveals that the distribution of HCE, if not adjusted for household size and composition effects, gives biased measures of the extent of true inequality. Jain and Tendulkar (1989) in their paper deduces the analytical conditions for the movements in the same or in the opposite direction of the real and the nominal relative disparity in cereal consumption consequent upon the differential movements in the prices of cereals faced by the bottom and the top fractile groups of the population. These conditions are used for interpreting the movements in the real and the nominal relative disparity with reference to the Indian rural population over the period from 1953 to 1978. Datt and Ravallion, (1990) argued that the costs and the benefits of regional policies will tend to be borne widely within regions. Some benefits are likely to leak to the nonpoor in recipient regions, and some costs to the poor in donor regions. The paper suggests that the quantitative potential for alleviating national poverty through purely regional redistributive policies is small. Even assuming no political problems, the maximum impact on poverty is nomore than could be achieved simply by giving everyone a uniform (untargeted) windfall gain equal to about 1.5 percent of Indias mean consumption. And other considerations including increased migration to areas of higher benefits make it unlikely that the maximum impact will be attained in practice. Greater alleviation of poverty requires supplementary interventions that reach the poor within regions, by reducing the costs borne by the poor in donor regions and enhancing benefits to the poor in recipient regions. Mishra and Parikh (1992) in their paper measured household consumer expenditure inequalities in India by regions (states) and sectors (urban-rural) for the years 1977-78 and 1983 based on the National Sample Survey data. The results consistently indicate that the inequality within states contributes much more towards national inequality and within-sector inequality explains a large part of state level inequality. The inequality at state levels has shown a decline from 1977-78 to 1983 due to a better monsoon season in 1983, and anti-poverty programmes. Dubey and Gangopadhyay (1998) in their analytical report mention intra-state disparities by using NSSO consumption income data set. There are several states in India where the incidence of poverty across regions within a state is very high. They reported for seven regions of Madhya Pradesh, poverty incidence varied from one of the lowest in the country in the western region to one of the highest in the eastern region. Deaton and Dreze (2002) in their paper presents a new set of integrated poverty and inequality estimates for India and Indian states for 1987-88, 1993-94 and 1999-2000. The poverty estimates are broadly consistent with independent evidence on per capita expenditure, state domestic product and real agricultural wages. They show that poverty decline in the 1990s proceeded more or less in line with earlier trends. Regional disparities increased in the 1990s, with the southern and western regions doing much better than the northern and eastern regions. Economic inequality also increased within states, especially within urban areas, and between urban and rural areas. They also examine other development indicators, relating for instance to health and education. Most indicators have continued to improve in the nineties, but social progress has followed very diverse patterns, ranging from accelerated progress in some fields to slow down and even regression in others. Gaiha, Thapa, Imai and Kulkarni (2007) in their analysis of the 61st round of the NSS for 2004-05 confirms higher incidence and intensity of poverty among the STs and SCs, relative to non-ST/SC (Others). A decomposition of poverty gap suggests that a large part of the gap between the ST and Others is due to differences in returns or structural differences while among the SCs it is due largely to differences in characteristics or endowments. Whether these structural differences are a reflection of current discrimination is far from self-evident, given the important role of personal identity in determining performance. The policy design therefore cannot be limited to enhancing the endowments of the STs, SCs and other disadvantaged groups. Dubey (2009) examine the interstate disparity in five states in India i.e. Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Orissa and Punjab by using NSSO data of 50th round and 61st round. He used three indicators, consumption, inequality and incidence of poverty. Highest level of disparity emerged in Punjab followed by Gujarat and Kerala. Haryana has least disparities only marginally lower than that in Orissa. Singh (2010), in her study examined and analysed the disparities in level of living as measured by monthly per capita consumption expenditure across different income groups in various states in India based on 61st round survey of NSSO. Various measures like gini coefficient and rank for the states in rural and urban areas has been calculated. Disparities in MPCE across income groups are observed in Punjab. Srivastava and Mohanty (2010) in their study used data from the World Health Survey, India, 2003, covering a nationally representative sample of 10,750 households and 9,994 adults, examines the extent of agreement of monthly per capita consumption expenditure and economic proxies (combined with the wealth index) with the differentials in health estimates. Cain, Rana, Rhoda and Tandon, (2010) utilise household-level consumption expenditure data to examine the evolution of inequality during 1983-2004 in India. Various measures of inequality show that inequality levels were relatively stable during 1983-93, but increased during 1993-2004. The increases in inequality have not precluded reductions in poverty, however. They are also more of an urban phenomenon and can be accounted for by increases in returns to education in the urban sector to a considerable extent, especially among households that rely on income from education-intensive services and/or education-intensive occupations. Significance of the study The National Human Development Report 2001 for India (2002) reveals vast differences in human development and poverty between the States of India in 1981. The report notes that At the state level, there are wide disparities in the level of human development. (NHDR 2002, page 4). The report also notes that disparities amongst the States with respect to human poverty are quite striking. Socio-economic disparities across the regions and intra-regional disparities among different segments of the society have been the major plank for adopting planning process in India since independence. Even after its impressive performance in the field of science, technology and agriculture during the last three or four decades, a vast majority of Indians are facing the problems of poverty. They are denied even the basic needs of human life like food, safe drinking water, shelter, health, education etc., and are forced to live in a degraded social and physical environment. According to the 61st NSS, the proportion of persons living below poverty line was estimated at 27.5%3 (i.e., more than 315 million people). But, about one third of the population lives under the poverty line of $1 a day, and out of them three in four poor people live in rural areas. Thus, poverty in India is most widespread in the rural areas. Despite a vast range of poverty eradication programmes and several measures adopted in this regard, even after more than 60 years of Independence the situation is still very critical. In recent years, some significant changes have occurred in the poverty alleviation strategy. The Government of India has launched various programmes, such as NAREGA, MNAREGA, Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM), Development of Women and Children in Rural Area (DWCRA), Wage Employment Programme, National Rural Employment Programme, Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, etc., for the alleviation of poverty. Further, these programmes are now the responsibility of the local bodies (Panchayati Raj institutions) that are expected to improve their performance. But despite all the rigorous efforts, the desired results could not be achieved and considerable level of regional disparities remained in the society. The Structure Adjustment Programme of economic reform s since 1991 with stabilisation and deregulation policies as their central pieces seems to have further widened the regional disparities. Sen 2002 rightly observed that, the real concern of the so called anti-globalization protesters is surely not globalization per se, for these protests are amongst the most seem to stem in large part from the continuing deprivations and rising disparities in level of livings that they see in current period of globalization. Liberalisation had resulted in the rich becoming richer and the poor, poorer. No State actually got poorer in terms of falling per capita income but the interstate inequality certainly increased  [1]  . The seriousness of the emerging acute regional imbalances has not yet received the public attention it deserves. On the basis of above it can be understood that no significant study has been found in the area of disparity in household consumption expenditure for the period 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08 by using NSSO unit level data in India. The NSSO has been collecting data on consumption expenditure on a regular basis for over four decades. Along with other infor ­mation, it collects detailed information on food and non-food items in a reference period. While majority of the studies happen to be at macro level, this study is a more specific analysis in micro frame by using unit level data household survey conducted by NSSO in India. It is able to lay stress on certain vital issues that needed a more serious discussion. To large extent, the study can be regarded as pioneering one. Objective of the study: The major objectives of the study are as follows: To know the expenditure structures and consumption patterns To know the level of disparity in household consumer expenditure in Indian society. To know the level of disparity in household consumer expenditure in various regions (states) and sectors (urban-rural) in the society. To know the difference in levels and patterns of household consumer expenditure and across socio-economic groups i.e. caste, religion and family structure in the society. To know the difference in levels and patterns of food and non-food expenditure of across socio-economic groups i.e. caste, religion and family structure in the society. Methodology Data: Collecting consumption expenditure data is not new in India. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducted an all-India survey of households on participation and expenditure in education, employment, unemployment, migration and consumer expenditure on a regular basis for over four decades. Surveys on consumer expenditure are being conducted quinquennially on a large sample of households from the 27th round (October 1972 September 1973) of NSS onwards. Additionally, the NSSO has conducted annual consumer expenditure surveys using a smaller sample of households from 1986-87 to 2007-08. In the present study data will be utilised from the three rounds of NSSO consumer expenditure survey i.e. 62, 63 and 64 round collected in the year 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively .These three consumer expenditure surveys belongs to annual series. Data Analysis: In the present study the disparity in terms of consumer expenditure will be measured in the above mentioned three rounds of survey. Data provided by NSSO is in text document. For the analysis of these unit level data we will use statistical software (STATA). Disparity in terms of MPCE will be calculated for the state wise, region wise, caste, religion and family structure. Different statistical methods (like; descriptive statistics, range, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Gini coefficient Lorenz curve, Theils index, etc.) will be utilised for measuring inequality and disparity. Graphical presentation of the results will be used for the easy understanding of the data. There are the criteria (Mean Independence, Population size independence, Symmetry, Pigou Dalton Transfer sensitivity  [2]  , Decomposability, Statistical Testability) that make a good measure of income inequality. Among the most widely used are the Theil indexes and the mean log deviation measure. Both belong to the family of generalized entropy. The formula is given by Where is the mean income per person (or expenditure per capita).The value of the measures vary between zero and infinity, with zero representing an equal distribution and higher values representing higher levels of inequality. The parameter in the GE class represents the weight given to distances between incomes at different parts of the income distribution, and can take any real value. For lower value of GE is more sensitive to changes in the lower tail of the distribution and for higher values GE is more sensitive to changes the affect the upper tail. The most common values of used are 0, 1, and 2. GE(1) is Theils T index and GE(0) is Theils L (sometimes refered to as the mean log deviation measures) are given by: Atkinson has proposed another class of inequality measures that are used from time to time. This class also has a weighting parameter Ɇº (which measures aversion to inequality). The Atkinson inequality measures defined as Decomposition of Income Inequality The issue of relating subgroup inequality levels to overall inequality has been discussed in the number of recent studies (Cowell 1980, Cowell and Kuga 1981, Bourguignon, 1979, Shorrocks 1980 and 1984, Shorrocks and Mukherjee, 1982, Das and Parikh 1982, Mishra and Parikh 1992). If the total inequality can be expressed as a function of sub-group inequality values, when the sub-groups are mutually exclusive and exhaustive, then a variety of ways is found to decompose the total inequality. The particular method of decomposition depends on the nature of the inequality index and the way in which it is decomposed since the decomposability of the indices differ from measure to measure. The most attractive type of decomposability has been additive decomposability. An index is additively decomposable if it can be neatly expressed as the sum of a between-group term and a within-group term. Conceptually, the between-group component can be defined as the value of the inequality index when all the within-group inequalities are assumed to be non-existent by a hypothetical assignment of the group average income to each member of the same group. The common inequality indicators mentioned above can be used to assess the major contributors to inequality, by different subgroups of the population and by region. For example, average income may vary from region to region, and this alone implies some inequality between groups. Moreover, incomes vary inside each region, adding a within-group component to total inequality. For policy purposes, it is useful to be able to decompose these sources of inequality: if most inequality is due to disparities across regions, for instance, then the focus of policy may need to be on regional economic development, with special attention to helping the poorer regions. More generally, household income is determined by household and personal characteristics, such as education, gender, and occupation, as well as geographic factors including urban and regional location. Some overall inequality is due to differences in such characteristics-this is the between-group component-and some occurs because there is inequality within each group, for instance, among people with a given level of education or in a given occupation. The generalized entropy (GE) class of indicators, including the Theil indexes, can be decomposed across these partitions in an additive way, but the Gini index cannot. To decompose Theils T index (that is, GE(1)), let Y be the total income of all N individuals in the sample, and be mean income. Likewise, Yj is the total income of a subgroup (for example, the urban population) with Nj members, and is the mean income of this subgroup. Using T to represent GE(1), Where is the value of GE(1) for subgroup j. Equation separate the inequality measure in to two components the first of which represents within group inequality while the second term measures the between-group inequality.

English Paper One Example Essay

Furthermore the actions and emotions of the protagonist and his sister demonstrates the immense fright and thankfulness experienced throughout the text. In this passage, the description of characters plays and extremely important role since it throws light upon the evil character of the attackers and the kind and helpful nature of Mr. Bapu the millionaire who rescues the protagonist and his sister Deepa. Since this story is told from a first person perspective the other characters are experienced through the mind of the protagonist. By giving a very precise description of these characters, the author has conjured up a very believable understanding of the way that these characters are perceived by the protagonist, which in term, makes the fear felt by these characters much more real to the reader. An example of this is the â€Å"terrifying, unearthly squeal† (6) that is heard by the siblings as the attackers surround them. This description of sound gives a very wild and primitive idea of the attackers. Furthermore, the â€Å"howling of wild dogs† (8) also adds on this terrifying image of the aggressors. This in term makes the terror undergone by the protagonists very understandable and real to the reader. On the other hand, the character of Mr. Bapu is described in a completely different manner which highlights his benign personality. He is described as a millionaire who does not mind talking to his staff (28), but also â€Å"cut for Deepa a red rose. †(29), an act which induces the feeling of adoration for Mr. Bapu by both the reader and the protagonists. It is the contrast in description of Mr. Bapu and the muggers that invokes the idea of friends and enemies which is later addressed at the end of the passage. The setting in this extract plays a primary role setting up the mood. This in term greatly aids the reader’s understanding of the protagonists fear and relieve. The passage starts off with the description of a â€Å"mosque stood towering in all its grandeur† with â€Å"a brilliant series of decorative lights† (3). This setting brings forward an uneasy mood since the building was â€Å"towering† over the two siblings. With this comes the feeling of vulnerability which is later demonstrated when they are attacked. The setting further attributes to the feeling of confusion and being surrounded when Deepa and her brother try to run â€Å"backwards, sideways, forwards again† (12) like running through a maze without an exit. Which is described as a â€Å"horrifying checkmate† (13), also adding onto the feeling of being trapped, making is very understandable that the protagonists are panicking. Later in the passage, the setting is again used to give a clear understanding of the character Mr. Bapu. The morning after the siblings were rescued by him they wake up in the house of the millionaire and walk through his garden. This is described as being â€Å"quite wonderful† (27) and seems to have red roses, these both clearly oppose the nocturnal setting of the night before. This deepens the contrast between the attackers and Mr. Bapu since both settings bring up completely different moods. The nightly setting of the streets add of the wild like persona of the muggers, while the rose garden emphasizes the kindhearted nature of Mr. Bapu. This again adds onto the idea of the difference between friends and enemies and the way that these are shaped in the mind. Lastly, another aspect that greatly enhances the experience of the reader is the behavior and emotions expressed by the protagonist and his sister. The text starts off with â€Å"a tremor in my sister’s arm. † (1). This sentence is emphasized by its shortness and it being on a separate line. This immediately conjures up a tense mood and grabs the attention of the reader. When the two siblings first face their attackers they â€Å"froze in our tracks† (7), this betrays their shock and fear to the reader. The two then run for their lives like a prey trying to escape its hunter. This episode both adds tension and excitement to the story. The protagonists are then relieved and surprised by the arrival of the â€Å"white Mercedes† (14) of Mr. Bapu. The whiteness Mercedes being a stark contrast to the nocturnal nature of the attackers. After the actual attack, the story very much relies on the thoughts of the protagonists. He describes the attack as a â€Å"terror-filled eternity† (32). This clarifies the contempt of the protagonists towards the attackers. He then later describes Mr. Bapu as â€Å"preserved in amber†, giving the reader an understanding of the protagonist’s kind image of the millionaire. These are examples of the emotions and thoughts of the protagonist, helping the reader understand other characters in the text. This is also done by giving a bit of background on the protagonists giving an understanding of the attackers’ reasons. This also adds a theme of discrimination between social groups. Since the muggers seem to attack due to the protagonists background. In conclusion, with the use of the setting, character description and the thoughts of the protagonists a very clear contrast between the attackers and Mr. Bapu has been established. One being seen as the the personification of evil and the other as pure kindness. This contrast is very important to understand when reading the last part of the passage in which the central theme is explained. Here the protagonist’s uncle explains how enemies and friends are shaped in the mind. Here, the reader can understand that the protagonists was looking back at a past event throughout the passage and it becomes very clear why the attackers have been described in a very evil fashion as opposed to Mr. Bapu. This story is therefore an excellent example of how the mind can form its own image of enemies and friends only including the negative or positive instead of both.

The, The Glass Castle By Jeannette Walls, And Flight By...

Aspiring to be free, to be successful, to be a picture perfect family, and to be happy; these are the traits of the American dream. Although, in one s mind a specific picture forms when reading about the American dream this does not mean everyone is seeing the same landscape. A prevalent theme in The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, and Flight by Sherman Alexie is the potency and prevalence of diversity on the American dream. In each of these compelling works, connoisseurs get a taste of life from different demographics’ viewpoints and a measure of what it means to be yearning for the diverse definition of American ideals. To begin with, The Joy Luck Club centers its content around the lives of eight women of Chinese heritage each with their own stories to tell; yet, all striving to satisfy their aspirations in America. A concise cross is common between the mothers’ hopes compared to those of the American born daughters. Immigrating to America for various reasons, the four mothers all had one goal in mind, to not only construct themselves a better life, but also ensure the finest future for their daughters. For the mothers in the Joy Luck Club, the American dream was to instill Chinese history, heritage, and habit in their daughters while providing American opportunities of growth, gratification, and gallantry. Carrying heavy pasts, the four original American Joy Luck Club members arrived in The United States to start anew, â€Å"America was whereShow MoreRelatedThe, The Glass Castle By Jeannette Walls, And Flight By Sherman Alexie1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthe American dream. Although, in one s mind a specific picture forms when reading about the American dream this does not mean everyone is seeing the same landscape. A prevalent theme in The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, and Flight by Sherman Alexie is the potency and prevalence of diversity on the American dream. In each of these compelling works, connoisseurs get a taste of life from different demographics’ viewpoints and a measure of what it means to be yearningRead MoreAn Analysis Of Sherman Alexie s Flight, The Joy Luck Club And The Glass Castle 888 Words   |  4 Pages Although the books Flight, The Joy Luck Club, and The Glass Castle all have different storylines, they have a common theme. Throughout each book, the characters all experience some sort of shame whether it s from one s appearance to the way one lives. In Flight, Sherman Alexie introduces the reader to a boy who is so ashamed of his appearance that he gives himself the nickname Zits. In The Joy Luck Clu b, Amy Tan shares with the reader a story about the struggle of the mother-daughter relationship The, The Glass Castle By Jeannette Walls, And Flight By... Aspiring to be free, to be successful, to be a picture perfect family, and to be happy; these are the traits of the American dream. Although, in one s mind a specific picture forms when reading about the American dream this does not mean everyone is seeing the same landscape. A prevalent theme in The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, and Flight by Sherman Alexie is the potency and prevalence of diversity on the American dream. In each of these compelling works, connoisseurs get a taste of life from different demographics’ viewpoints and a measure of what it means to be yearning for the diverse definition of American ideals. To begin with, The Joy Luck Club centers its content around the lives of eight women of Chinese heritage each with their own stories to tell; yet, all striving to satisfy their aspirations in America. A concisive cross is common between the mothers’ hopes compared to those of the American born daughters. Immigrating to America for various reasons, the four mothers all had one goal in mind, to not only construct themselves a better life, but also ensure the finest future for their daughters. For the mothers in the Joy Luck Club, the American dream was to instill Chinese history, heritage, and habit in their daughters while providing American opportunities of growth, gratification, and gallantry. Carrying heavy pasts, the four original American Joy Luck Club members arrived in The United States to start anew, â€Å"America was whereShow MoreRelatedThe, The Glass Castle By Jeannette Walls, And Flight By Sherman Alexie1466 Words   |  6 Pagesthe American dream. Although, in on e s mind a specific picture forms when reading about the American dream this does not mean everyone is seeing the same landscape. A prevalent theme in The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, and Flight by Sherman Alexie is the potency and prevalence of diversity on the American dream. In each of these compelling works, connoisseurs get a taste of life from different demographics’ viewpoints and a measure of what it means to be yearningRead MoreAn Analysis Of Sherman Alexie s Flight, The Joy Luck Club And The Glass Castle 888 Words   |  4 Pages Although the books Flight, The Joy Luck Club, and The Glass Castle all have different storylines, they have a common theme. Throughout each book, the characters all experience some sort of shame whether it s from one s appearance to the way one lives. In Flight, Sherman Alexie introduces the reader to a boy who is so ashamed of his appearance that he gives himself the nickname Zits. In The Joy Luck C lub, Amy Tan shares with the reader a story about the struggle of the mother-daughter relationship